Thirty-eight calves, between two and four months old, moo and kick at the dirt floor in a steel barn in Brush, Colo. One by one, a handler leads them from the pen to a narrow chute, where their legs are restrained and they're lifted onto a hydraulic table.
A team waits, ready to give each animal its first checkup as quickly as possible, because the longer a calf is away from its mother, the more stressed it becomes. A veterinary technician fills syringes with vaccinations against a host of deadly illnesses, like bovine respiratory disease. A seasoned cattleman wields a hot iron, branding a calf. A brand helps prevent the calf from being stolen.
Then, veterinarian Karen Chandler carries out the most complicated task: castrating the young males. Chandler, wearing black surgical gloves, is swift, but gentle.
"They'll be a little sore, but they're going to be back with mom and nursing in 20 minutes and they'll be fine," she said.
This is preventive medicine for cattle, and it benefits more than just the animal and farmer. Chandler is the first line of defense against diseases that can spread from animals to humans, a role she describes as "to promote the health of cattle, but protect the public."
Large-animal veterinarians such as Chandler inspect livestock before they can legally be sold for slaughter. If an illness spreads among a herd or flock, it's Chandler's responsibility to diagnose and report the problem to public health officials. Early detection is key to preventing devastating outbreaks, like the 2015 bird flu in the Midwest that led to the deaths of 50 million turkeys and chickens.
But there's been a shortage of large-animal vets in rural areas since 2003. Experts say that's because of a combination of low wages, long hours and fewer new graduates wanting to live outside a major city.
Without vets, farmers and the nation's food supply are more vulnerable to disease outbreaks. It also could mean sick and infected animals will increasingly go untested, said Mark Stetter, the dean of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Colorado State University.
"When we think about diseases that are foreign, that don't exist within the United States, things like foot and mouth disease, or a list of other diseases that could really devastate our livestock industry ... veterinarians perform that first line of defense," he said.
Rural medicine's wage problem
In 2017, the U.S Department of Agriculture identified 187 mostly rural areas that lack sufficient access to a veterinarian. Stetter said the scarcity of rural vets looks nearly identical to the country's shortage of rural doctors.
Rural wages have not kept up with rising student debt. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, veterinarians in rural areas earn between $61,470 and $73,540 a year — roughly half of what they could make in a city. And the vet-school loans are hefty: an average of $143,757, according to the American Association of Veterinary Medicine.
The shortage isn't due to lack of interest, Stetter said. His department recently conducted a survey, which found that 30 percent of students said at the beginning of the program that they want to work in rural areas as food animal veterinarians. Once graduation rolls around, the number drops. Less than than 10 percent of graduates actually take a rural job.
Chandler's path
Even when she was little, Chandler was passionate about working with cattle. But she admitted that she and her husband could not have come to Brush had she not been selected for a highly competitive USDA loan-forgiveness program; only about 50 people are selected each year. After three years of serving this high-needs area, her student loan debt will be $75,000 lighter.
There are sacrifices, big and small. Chandler, who grew up in Orlando, Fla., misses the selection of restaurants at her disposal, and especially access to her favorite Italian food.
"I would say most of the time we can budget money well and we can figure out how to handle debt," she said. "I don't have a lot of things other people have, but I have a good life."
Long days and odd hours can also cause an early-career veterinarian to burn out.
"Horses colic in the middle of the night. Pigs get born at 6 a.m. and you can't get your kids to school on time," Chandler said.
She said she might not have a nice car, but at least she is able to work with cattle. Her white pickup doubles as her mobile clinic. She'll travel up to 90 miles away (sometimes farther) to answer house calls for clients, such as Kim Davis, who drives hundreds of cattle across remote corners of the state's eastern plains.
Davis can handle the less serious medical issues, but she said when something's outside her scope — a heifer needs an emergency C-section or a horse has a broken leg — it's vital that a vet arrives within the hour.
In remote areas, a good vet can be hard to find.
"And then if you do find them, they're usually so busy — and they're four hours away," she said.
When Davis is several hours from the nearest vet, she says a phone call can be just as good, especially when it comes to preventing disease. If a nearby herd gets sick with an unknown illness, Davis can send Chandler photos and videos for help.
"We've got drugs on hand for everything so [Chandler] can trust us and say, 'OK, this is what it is and this is what you need to treat it with,'" Davis said.
The death of a cow can set a rancher back thousands of dollars, but Chandler sees her work as more important than a bottom line.
She said she feels a strong sense of stewardship toward the welfare of animals and to society as a whole. This can be seen, for example, when she's inspecting cattle before they can be sold for slaughter and made into lunch meat.
"Every day that I'm out here at the sale barn on Thursday mornings," she said, "my thought is 'Would I want my niece to eat this at school?'"
If the answer is "no," Chandler won't let that cow leave the sale ring.
This story comes to us from Harvest Public Media, a reporting collaboration focused on food and agriculture. Follow Esther on Twitter: @estherhonig
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