A Doctor Reflects On India's Pandemic Response

By Sushmita Pathak

Published December 30, 2020 at 12:03 PM CST

Dr. Gagandeep Kang, an infectious diseases researcher at the Christian Medical College in Vellore, India, says "[the virus] could have been completely out of control in India."

With more than 10 million coronavirus cases, India has the second-highest infection load in the world after the United States. Nearly 150,000 people have died in India after testing positive for the virus, the third-highest death toll in the world after the U.S. and Brazil.

But Dr. Gagandeep Kang says that's much less than what she had feared. She's an infectious diseases researcher at the Christian Medical College in Vellore, India and has worked extensively on vaccine development.

"[The virus] could have been completely out of control in India," she says.

There were a few weeks when hospitals in big cities like Mumbai and New Delhi were overwhelmed with COVID-19 patients. But overall, Kang says, she expected it to be much worse.

She compares India's pandemic experience to "dodging a bullet," she says.

The country has nearly 1.4 billion people. With less than 7,500 coronavirus cases per million population and a COVID-19 fatality rate of just below 1.5%, India's per capita infections and mortality rate are among the lowest in the world.

Kang and other scientists are now wondering why that was.

Kang is the co-author of the recently published book Till We Win: India's Fight Against The COVID-19 Pandemic. She serves on several advisory boards, including for the World Health Organization, and is the first Indian woman to be elected as a fellow of The Royal Society, the world's oldest scientific society.

She talks to NPR about India's pandemic response, its main takeaways and the road ahead.

Interview Highlights

You said that India has been very lucky when it comes to COVID-19. Why is that?

There may be many explanations for that. It could be our age structure, that we have much fewer elderly people and therefore mortality and severe disease in the population was relatively low. We were hit later in the pandemic so we had a better opportunity to prepare. We may have prior exposure to other coronaviruses which may have led this disease to be less severe. We seem to have higher rates of asymptomatic infection so it may also mean that the virus is behaving differently in our population.

A lot of countries in Africa and South Asia are behaving like India with lower severe disease and lower mortality. So it would be interesting from a research point of view to put all the data, all the biological samples from all the infected people, together to understand why the developing world is different.

What are the lessons that India should learn from the pandemic?

We need a system in which people have a primary care clinic where they would get what they need for most of their infections. A clinic that would have the ability to recognize when something might be a more serious issue and refer you as early as possible to the right kind of facility. Currently in India, tertiary care hospitals [large multi-specialty hospitals where someone is referred to by their primary physician] are overloaded with patients. You don't need to go there for every illness.

In addition to building the infrastructure for primary health, the government also needs to build a structure for communication at the community level in ways that people trust. The coronavirus has been demonized and people have been stigmatized so much that people hide from any aspect of testing or reporting. Building community trust in health information, in public health authorities, in science, we just have to do that. The government wouldn't need to convert [the enforcement of the pandemic guidelines] into a law and order situation if they could treat it as an education and communication situation.

What's going to be the biggest challenge for India going ahead?

Distribution of vaccines is going to be the big one. As long as you are looking at distributing vaccines by occupation — health care workers, policemen, security guards, municipal workers — that's all doable because you know where to find them. But once you get to finding the elderly, people with co-morbidities, I think we will start to see challenges.

My big worry is that we have so much inequity in health that the people who are going to get left out of this vaccination program are those most at risk of catastrophic health expenditures. If we want to protect them, we need to set up systems for delivery and for monitoring health at a level that we have never done for adult populations. I'm glad to hear that the government is planning to use the election infrastructure for delivering vaccines. [That could involve setting up vaccination booths at locations where polling booths are set up and identifying those who need the vaccine on a priority basis through demographic data in voter lists]. [India's election system] is practically the only thing that reaches the vulnerable parts of society.

Even with vaccines, I think we are again very lucky in India because we've got all these wonderful vaccine companies that are going to be able to provide to India perhaps more vaccines to more of our population than many other developing countries will have access to. I'm actually more worried about the rest of the world.